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Plant Pathology Research at The Kearneysville Tree Fruit Research and Education Center


Effects of calcium salts on apple bitter rot caused by two Colletotrichum spp.

Bitter rot of Nittany apple.The effects of three calcium salts on conidial germination, germ tube elongation, growth in vitro, and infectivity in the lab and field were studied for the apple pathogens Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. acutatum. At 1,000 µg/ml calcium, calcium chloride (CC), calcium propionate (CP), and calcium silicate (CS) had no effect on conidial germination (see PowerPoint slide set no. 2). CC and CP inhibited germ tube growth by about 50% relative to the control. All three calcium salts reduced fungal dry weight in liquid culture media. Apples were wounded, sprayed to the drip point with calcium salt solutions (1,000 µg/ml calcium), and then allowed to air dry. Fruit were then inoculated with 1 x 105 conidia of either fungus and incubated at 22 C.

Laboratory studies with fruit (see PowerPoint slide set no. 2). Wounds on harvested fruit treated with CC and CP and then inoculated exhibited 30% smaller lesions than those treated with CS or the control, which were similar. Infections following treatment with CC and CP exhibited delayed formation of acervuli relative to the control and CS, which were similar. When fruit were inoculated with varying concentrations of conidia, fruit treated with CC exhibited reduced incidence of infection after inoculations with 103 conidia/ml. In all tests at 104 and 105 conidia/ml, the control and calcium salt treatments exhibited similar incidences of infection after inoculations of wounded fruit.

Field studies with fruit (see Power Point slide set no. 3). In three trials where fruit received 3 weekly dilute applications of calcium solutions, fruit treated with CC or CP and then inoculated with conidia of either C. gloeosporioides or C. acutatum exhibited lower incidences of infection when compared to control fruit and fruit treated with CS. On control fruit, most infections became visible between the first and second weeks after harvest (at 22 C), reaching 83% incidence in trial 1 and 100% incidence in trials two and three. In comparison, for C. acutatum, mean incidences of infection at 2 weeks postharvest for fruit treated with calcium salts were 46%, 18%, and 8%, respectively for fruit treated with CS, CC, and CP. All three salt treatments were significantly different from the control (P = 0.05), and CC and CP were similar to each other and different from CS (p = 0.05). For C. gloeosporioides, mean incidence of infection at two weeks postharvest in the control treatment was 85% compared to 31%, 8%, and 7% for CS, CC, and CP, respectively. All three salt treatments were significantly different from the control (P = 0.05), and CC and CP were similar to each other and different from CS (p = 0.05).

Based on results of laboratory and field studies, calcium chloride and calcium propionate appear to have suppressive activity against the bitter rot pathogens. Although additional study is required, it can be concluded that applications of calcium chloride during the cover spray program on apples can have beneficial suppressive effects against the bitter rot pathogens.

A. R. Biggs (January, 1998)


Download the full article in PDF format (copyright APS Press). 10/20/99

Biggs, A.R. 1999. Effects of calcium salts on apple bitter rot caused by two Colletotrichum spp. Plant Disease 83:1001-1005.


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