Table of Contents
 
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ix
 
List of Tables  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  x
 
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xii
 
I.Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1
       
II. Principles in Planning Forage-Animal Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
             
      II.A.Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
      II B.Natural or Introduced Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
      II.C.Soil Acidity and Fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
      II D.Animal Products with Species, Mixtures, and Nitrogen . . . . . . . .  4
             
            II.D.1.Nitrogen vs. Legumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
            II.D.2.Grasses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
            II.D.3.Tall Fescue Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
            II.D.4.Seedling Competition in Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
             
            II.E.Evaluating Forages for Animal Production . . . . . . . . . . .  8
             
                  II.E.1.Growth Stages of Plants, Forage Quality, 
                    and Animal Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
                  II.E.2.Animal Production from Forages and 
                    Conversion Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
                         
            II.F.Utilizing and Managing Perennial Grasses and Legumes . . . . .  16
             
                  II.F.1.Grazing and Utilization Methods  . . . . . . . . . . .  16
                  II.F.2.Utilization Management Related to
                   Morphology of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
                         
                        II.F.2.1.Nonstructural Carbohydrates  . . . . . . . . .  16
                        II.F.2.2.Leaf Area  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
                        II.F.2.3.Nonstructural Carbohydrates and 
                          Leaf Area Interactions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
                        II.F.2.4.Origin of New Growth and Tillers . . . . . . .  26
                        II.F.3.Forage Management Interrelationships . . . . . .  26
             
            II.G.Available Pasture, Stocking Rates, 
              and Animal Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
             
                  II.G.1.Available Pasture and Animal Products  . . . . . . . .  30
                  II.G.2.Controlled vs. Constant Stocking . . . . . . . . . . .  31
                  II.G.3.Two Amounts of Available Pasture . . . . . . . . . . .  33
                  II.G.4.Available Pasture Designates Stocking Rate . . . . . .  33
                  II.G.5.Compromising Production Per Animal and Per Acre  . . .  34
                  II.G.6.Conclusions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34